Evidence grades: A a contemporary object or document, B an account within a lifetime, C a tradition written later, X contested by specialists. No scripture-only events, no unsourced numbers. Each entry below names its primary source; open any card in the timeline or the apps for the full detail.
Israel and Judah1300 BCE to 539 BCE
c. 1208 BCE · Merneptah SteleA
Petrie, Six Temples at Thebes (1897); Hasel, BASOR 296 (1994)
c. 1200-1000 BCE · Archaeological surveys: 250+ new small unwalled villagesA
Finkelstein, The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement (1988); Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites? (2003)
c. 1175 BCE · Reliefs and inscriptions of Ramesses III's mortuary temple naming the Peleset among the Sea PeoplesA
Edgerton & Wilson, Historical Records of Ramses III (1936); Dothan, The Philistines and Their Material Culture (1982); Master & Aja, BASOR 377 (2017)
c. 1020-980 BCE · Fortified casemate city with two gatesX
Garfinkel & Ganor, Khirbet Qeiyafa vol. 1 (2009); Garfinkel et al., Radiocarbon 57 (2015); Finkelstein & Fantalkin, Tel Aviv 39 (2012)
c. 925 BCE · Bubastite Portal relief at Karnak listing towns taken by Pharaoh Shoshenq IA
Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1973); Ash, David, Solomon and Egypt (1999)
c. 880-850 BCE · Ashlar palace at SamariaA
Finkelstein, 'Omride Architecture,' ZDPV 116 (2000); Ussishkin & Woodhead, Tel Aviv 24 (1997)
853 BCE · Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser IIIA
Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (RIMA 3, 1996)
841 BCE · Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser IIIA
Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts (1969), p. 281
c. 840 BCE · Mesha SteleA
Dearman (ed.), Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab (1989); Lemaire, BAR 20 (1994)
c. 840-830 BCE · Tel Dan SteleA
Biran & Naveh, Israel Exploration Journal 43 (1993) and 45 (1995)
c. 800 BCE · Inked inscriptions on plaster and pithoi at a caravan station: 'Yahweh of Samaria and his asherah'A
Meshel, Kuntillet Ajrud (Israel Exploration Society, 2012)
c. 780-750 BCE · Samaria Ostraca: cA
Reisner, Fisher & Lyon, Harvard Excavations at Samaria (1924); Rainey & Notley, The Sacred Bridge (2006)
732 BCE · Annals and summary inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser IIIA
Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (1994); Yadin, Hazor (1972)
722-720 BCE · Annals of Sargon II at KhorsabadA
Becking, The Fall of Samaria (1992); Fuchs, Die Inschriften Sargons II (1994)
c. 715-701 BCE · Siloam Tunnel inscriptionA
Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem (1983); Reich, Excavating the City of David (2011)
c. 705-700 BCE · cA
Vaughn, Theology, History and Archaeology in the Chronicler's Account of Hezekiah (1999); Shiloh, IEJ 36 (1986); Mazar, The Ophel Excavations vol. 2 (2018)
701 BCE · Lachish reliefs from NinevehA
Ussishkin, The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (1982); Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (1924)
late 7th cent. BCE · Two silver amulet scrolls from a rock-cut tombA
Barkay, Vaughn, Lundberg & Zuckerman, BASOR 334 (2004)
605 BCE · Babylonian Chronicle BM 21946A
Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (1975)
c. 600-586 BCE · Arad ostraca: cA
Aharoni, Arad Inscriptions (1981)
16 March 597 BCE · Babylonian Chronicle BM 21946A
Weidner, Melanges Dussaud II (1939); Grayson (1975)
587/586 BCE · Burnt destruction layer with arrowheads in the City of DavidA
Shiloh, Excavations at the City of David I (1984); Torczyner, Lachish I: The Lachish Letters (1938); Lipschits, The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem (2005)
c. 572-477 BCE · cA
Pearce & Wunsch, Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia (2014)
Persian and Hellenistic539 BCE to 63 BCE
539 BCE · Cyrus CylinderA
Kuhrt, The Persian Empire (2007); Kuhrt, JSOT 25 (1983)
c. 515 BCE · Elephantine papyriA
Porten, The Elephantine Papyri in English (1996); Lipschits (2005)
495-399 BCE · Aramaic papyriA
Porten, Archives from Elephantine (1968); Porten (1996)
c. 454-404 BCE · Murashu family business archiveA
Stolper, Entrepreneurs and Empire: The Murashu Archive (1985); Coogan, BA 37 (1974)
c. 450-425 BCE · HerodotusA
Herodotus, Histories, ed. Godley (Loeb); Jacobson, BASOR 313 (1999)
5th cent. BCE-c. 110 BCE · Sacred precinct with hundreds of Hebrew and Aramaic dedicatory inscriptionsA
Magen, Misgav & Tsfania, Mount Gerizim Excavations I (2004); Magen, Mount Gerizim Excavations II (2008)
4th cent. BCE · Silver coins stamped YHDA
Meshorer, A Treasury of Jewish Coins (2001); Lipschits & Vanderhooft, The Yehud Stamp Impressions (2011)
332 BCE · ArrianB
Arrian, Anabasis 2.25-27; Grabbe, A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period vol. 2 (2008)
259 BCE · Zenon papyriA
Tcherikover & Fuks, Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum I (1957); Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews (1959)
c. 250-150 BCE · Papyrus Rylands 458A
Jobes & Silva, Invitation to the Septuagint (2000); Roberts, Two Biblical Papyri (1936)
c. 250 BCE-68 CE · cA
VanderKam & Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2002); Bonani et al., Radiocarbon 34 (1992)
246-221 BCE · Greek dedicatory inscriptions of proseuchaiA
Horbury & Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (1992), nos. 22 and 117
200 BCE · Polybius 16A
Polybius, Histories 16; Bickerman, Revue des Etudes Juives 100 (1935)
167-164 BCE · 1 and 2 MaccabeesB
Bickerman, The God of the Maccabees (1979); Schwartz, 2 Maccabees (2008)
c. 160 BCE-73 CE · JosephusA
Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities (1906); Horbury & Noy (1992); Taylor, Journal for the Study of Judaism 29 (1998)
152-63 BCE · Hasmonean bronze coinsA
Meshorer (2001); Schuerer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, rev. ed. vol. 1 (1973)
Roman and Byzantine63 BCE to 638 CE
63 BCE · JosephusB
Josephus, War 1; Cassius Dio 37
37-4 BCE · Herodian Temple Mount platform and Western Wall ashlarsA
Netzer, The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder (2006); Josephus, Antiquities 15-17
c. 22-10 BCE (harbour); Pilate inscription 26-36 CE · Herod's engineered harbourA
Josephus, The Jewish War and Antiquities; Frova, 'L'iscrizione di Ponzio Pilato' (1961); Israel Museum
6 CE · JosephusA
Frova, Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo 95 (1961); Josephus
c. 30-60 CE · JosephusA
Josephus, Antiquities 20; Kon, The Tombs of the Kings (1947, Hebrew); Schiffman in Feldman & Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity (1987)
38-41 CE · PhiloA
Tcherikover & Fuks, CPJ II no. 153; Philo
66-73 CE · JosephusA
Josephus; Avigad (1983); Yadin, Masada (1966); Mason, A History of the Jewish War (2016)
70 CE-c. 4th cent. · SuetoniusA
Tcherikover & Fuks, CPJ II (1960); Goodman, Journal of Roman Studies 79 (1989)
37-31 BCE (built); siege 73/74 CE · Herodian palaces and casemate wallA
Yadin, Masada (1966); Josephus, The Jewish War VII; surveys of the Roman siege works
115-117 CE · Cassius Dio 68A
Pucci Ben Zeev, Diaspora Judaism in Turmoil, 116/117 CE (2005)
132-135 CE · Bar Kokhba coinsA
Yadin, Bar-Kokhba (1971); Eshel & Amit (eds.), Refuge Caves of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (1998); Cassius Dio 69
c. 200 CE · Mishnah textA
Strack & Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (1996); Mazar, Beth She'arim I (1973); Schwabe & Lifshitz, Beth She'arim II (1974); Avigad, Beth She'arim III (1976)
212 CE · Constitutio AntoninianaA
Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (1987)
c. 220-500 CE · Babylonian TalmudA
Gafni, The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era (1990, Hebrew); Shaked, Ford & Bhayro, Aramaic Bowl Spells (2013)
244-245 CE · Synagogue with dated Aramaic inscription and wall paintings of biblical scenesA
Kraeling, The Excavations at Dura-Europos: The Synagogue (1956)
2nd-5th cent. CE · cA
Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe vol. 2 (1995); Rutgers, The Jews in Late Ancient Rome (1995)
3rd-4th cent. CE · Sardis synagogue inside the civic bath-gymnasium complexA
Reynolds & Tannenbaum, Jews and God-fearers at Aphrodisias (1987); Seager & Kraabel in Hanfmann (ed.), Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times (1983)
315-438 CE · Codex Theodosianus book 16 title 8A
Linder (1987)
321 CE · Edict of ConstantineA
Linder (1987), no. 7
c. 350-400 CE · JerusalemA
Dothan, Hammath Tiberias (1983); Strack & Stemberger (1996)
351-352 CE · Aurelius VictorX
Stemberger, Jews and Christians in the Holy Land (2000); Weiss & Netzer, Promise and Redemption: A Synagogue Mosaic from Sepphoris (1996)
c. 380-525 CE · Sabaic monotheistic inscriptions invoking 'Rahmanan' and 'the people of Israel'A
Robin, Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions 148 (2004); Gajda, Le royaume de Himyar (2009)
February 418 CE · Letter of Bishop Severus of MinorcaA
Bradbury (ed. and trans.), Severus of Minorca: Letter on the Conversion of the Jews (1996)
c. 425-429 CE · Codex Theodosianus 16A
Linder (1987), no. 53
518-527 CE · Synagogue mosaic with Aramaic dedication under Emperor JustinA
Sukenik, The Ancient Synagogue of Beth Alpha (1932); Levine, The Ancient Synagogue (2000)
534-553 CE · Justinian's Code 1A
Linder (1987)
614-628 CE · Antiochus StrategosB
Avni, BASOR 357 (2010); Reich, Biblical Archaeology Review 22 (1996); Sebeos, trans. Thomson (1999)
622-628 CE · Constitution of MedinaC
Lecker, The 'Constitution of Medina' (2004); Kister, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 8 (1965)
Islamic world and medieval Europe638 CE to 1492 CE
638 CE · SebeosB
Gil, A History of Palestine, 634-1099 (1992); Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross (1994)
c. 640-715 CE · Arabic geographersA
Gil, A History of Palestine, 634-1099 (1992); Luz, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7 (1997)
c. 700-1008 CE · Aleppo CodexA
Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (2012); Goshen-Gottstein, Biblical Archaeologist 42 (1979)
c. 760-800 CE · Anan ben David's Sefer ha-Mitzvot fragmentsB
Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism (2003)
c. 800-1057 · Cairo Geniza lettersA
Ben-Sasson, The Emergence of the Local Jewish Community in the Muslim World: Qayrawan 800-1057 (1996, Hebrew); Goitein, A Mediterranean Society vol. 1 (1967)
c. 830-960 CE · Khazar CorrespondenceB
Golb & Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century (1982); Brook, The Jews of Khazaria (2018)
882-942 CE · Saadia's Arabic Bible translation and Book of Beliefs and OpinionsA
Malter, Saadia Gaon: His Life and Works (1921); Brody, Sa'adyah Gaon (2013)
912-1066 CE · Hebrew poetry manuscriptsA
Ashtor, The Jews of Moslem Spain (1973-84); Scheindlin, Wine, Women and Death (1986)
c. 950-1250 CE · Cairo Geniza: cA
Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, 6 vols. (1967-1993); Reif, A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo (2000)
c. 1000 CE · Jewish copper plates granting privileges to Joseph RabbanA
Narayanan, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala (1972); Katz & Goldberg, The Last Jews of Cochin (1993)
1012-1020 · Geniza lettersA
Walker, Caliph of Cairo: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (2009); Goitein, A Mediterranean Society vol. 2 (1971)
30 December 1066 · Ibn DaudB
Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings (1985); Ibn Daud, Sefer ha-Qabbalah, ed. Cohen (1967)
c. 1070-1105 · Rashi's commentaries in early manuscriptsA
Grossman, Rashi (2012); Urbach, The Tosaphists (1980, Hebrew)
May-July 1096 · Hebrew chroniclesB
Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (1987); Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders (1977)
15 July 1099 · Latin chroniclesB
Kedar, Crusades 3 (2004); Gil (1992); Goitein, Journal of Jewish Studies 3 (1952)
1144-1150 · Thomas of MonmouthB
Rose, The Murder of William of Norwich (2015); Langmuir, Speculum 59 (1984)
1148-1160s · MaimonidesB
Stroumsa, Maimonides in His World (2009); Corcos, Studies in the History of the Jews of Morocco (1976)
c. 1165-1173 · Benjamin of TudelaA
Adler (ed.), The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (1907)
c. 1170-1204 · Autograph drafts of Maimonides in the Cairo GenizaA
Kraemer, Maimonides (2008); Davidson, Moses Maimonides (2005)
2 October 1187 · Judah al-HariziB
Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1988); Gil (1992)
16-17 March 1190 · Roger of HowdenB
Dobson, The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of March 1190 (1974)
1215 · Fourth Lateran CouncilA
Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century (1933)
1240-1242 · Hebrew and Latin accounts of the disputationA
Maccoby, Judaism on Trial (1982); Rosenthal, Jewish Quarterly Review 47 (1956)
1264 and 1334 · Statute of KaliszA
Weinryb, The Jews of Poland (1973); Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century (2004)
1289-1291 · Bar HebraeusB
Fischel, Jews in the Economic and Political Life of Mediaeval Islam (1937); Bar Hebraeus, trans. Budge (1932)
18 July 1290 · Edward I's writs of expulsionA
Mundill, England's Jewish Solution (1998)
22 July 1306 · Royal ordinances of Philip IVA
Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews (1989)
1329-1332 · Royal chronicle of Amda SeyonB
Huntingford (trans.), The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon (1965); Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia (1992); Quirin, The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews (1992)
1348-1351 · Town council minutesA
Cohn, Past and Present 196 (2007); Graus, Pest-Geissler-Judenmorde (1987)
June 1391 · Municipal and royal recordsA
Baer, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, vol. 2 (1961); Nirenberg, Past and Present 174 (2002)
1438 and 1465 · Chronicles of the Marinid courtB
Garcia-Arenal, BSOAS 41 (1978); Gottreich, The Mellah of Marrakesh (2007)
1478-1481 · Papal bull Exigit sincerae devotionisA
Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision (1997)
1489 · Stele of 1489A
White, Chinese Jews (1966); Leslie, The Survival of the Chinese Jews (1972)
Early modern1492 CE to 1789 CE
31 March 1492 · Alhambra DecreeA
Kamen (1997); Beinart, The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (2002)
1492-1519 · Ottoman tax registersA
Rozen, A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul (2002); Lowry, The Ottoman Tahrir Defters (1992)
December 1496-1497 · Manuel I's decreeA
Soyer, The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal (2007)
29 March 1516 · Venetian Senate decreeA
Ravid, Studies on the Jews of Venice (2003); Calabi, Venice and its Jews (2017)
1516-1541 · Ottoman tahrir registersA
Cohen & Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (1978); Auld & Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (2000)
1543 · Martin LutherA
Luther's Works vol. 47 (1971); Kaufmann, Luther's Jews (2017)
1553-1555 · Papal decree burning the TalmudA
Stow, Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy 1555-1593 (1977)
1565 · First printing of Karo's Shulhan ArukhA
Werblowsky, Joseph Karo (1962); Fine, Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos (2003)
1580-1764 · PinkasA
Halperin (ed.), Pinkas Va'ad Arba Aratsot (1945); Hundert (2004)
1648-1649 · Nathan HanoverB
Stampfer, Jewish History 17 (2003); Hanover, Abyss of Despair, trans. Mesch (1950)
September 1654 · Peter Stuyvesant's letter to the Dutch West India CompanyA
Faber, A Time for Planting (1992); Oppenheim, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 18 (1909)
1655-1656 · Menasseh ben Israel's Humble AddressesA
Katz, The Jews in the History of England (1994)
1656-1662 · Babai ibn LutfB
Moreen, Iranian Jewry's Hour of Peril and Heroism (1987)
1665-1666 · Ottoman archivesA
Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah (1973)
1679-1680 · Yemeni Arabic chroniclesB
Tobi, The Jews of Yemen: Studies in Their History and Culture (1999)
c. 1740-1760 · Medzhybizh town records of the 1740s-1750s listing 'Balszam Doktor' as a residentB
Rosman, Founder of Hasidism (1996)
1772 · Printed bansA
Nadler, The Faith of the Mithnagdim (1997); Wilensky, Hasidim u-Mitnagdim (1970)
2 January 1782 · Joseph II's Toleranzpatent for the Jews of Vienna and Lower AustriaA
Beales, Joseph II, vol. 2 (2009); Katz, Out of the Ghetto (1973)
1783 · MendelssohnA
Sorkin, Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment (1996); Feiner, The Jewish Enlightenment (2004)
Emancipation and nationalism1789 CE to 1917 CE
18 August 1790 · George Washington's letter to the Hebrew Congregation of NewportA
Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series vol. 6 (1996)
27 September 1791 · Decree of the National AssemblyA
Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (1968); Archives parlementaires vol. 31
1791-1804 · Catherine II's ukase of 23 Dec 1791A
Klier, Russia Gathers Her Jews (1986); 1897 Imperial census
1806-1808 · Minutes of the Assembly of Jewish NotablesA
Schwarzfuchs, Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin (1979)
August 1819 · Police reportsA
Rohrbacher, Gewalt im Biedermeier (1993); Katz, Die Hep-Hep-Verfolgungen des Jahres 1819 (1994)
1839 · Joseph Wolff's travel narrativeB
Patai, Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish 'New Muslims' of Meshhed (1997)
1839-1856 · Gulhane EdictA
Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (1992); Rodrigue, French Jews, Turkish Jews (1990)
February-August 1840 · British Foreign Office and French consular filesA
Frankel, The Damascus Affair (1997)
1848-1871 · Austrian constitutionA
Katz, Out of the Ghetto (1973); Rozenblit, The Jews of Vienna 1867-1914 (1983)
23 July 1858 · Jews Relief Act 1858A
Hansard, 3rd series vol. 151; Salbstein, The Emancipation of the Jews in Britain (1982)
1860 · Founding statutes of the Alliance Israelite UniverselleA
Rodrigue, French Jews, Turkish Jews (1990)
1860 · Mishkenot Sha'ananim building with dated inscriptionA
Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century: Emergence of the New City (1986)
24 October 1870 · Decret CremieuxA
Schreier, Arabs of the Jewish Faith (2010); Stora, Les trois exils (2006)
1881-1884 · Governor-general reportsA
Aronson, Troubled Waters (1990); Klier & Lambroza (eds.), Pogroms (1992)
1882 · Ottoman land recordsA
Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1989); Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century (1984)
1894-1906 · Court-martial recordsA
Bredin, The Affair (1986); Duclert, Alfred Dreyfus (2006)
29-31 August 1897 · Stenographic protocol of the First Zionist CongressA
Vital, The Origins of Zionism (1975); Protokoll des I. Zionistenkongresses (1898)
7 October 1897 · Founding documents of the BundA
Frankel, Prophecy and Politics (1981)
6-7 April 1903 · Official Russian indictmentA
Judge, Easter in Kishinev (1992); Zipperstein, Pogrom (2018)
1903 · Serialized in ZnamyaA
Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (1967); The Times, 16-18 August 1921
October 1905 · Senate investigationA
Weinberg, The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa (1993); Lambroza in Klier & Lambroza (1992)
11 April 1909 · Avraham Soskin's photograph of the Ahuzat Bayit plot lotteryA
Azaryahu, Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City (2007); Kark, Jaffa: A City in Evolution 1799-1917 (1990)
1911-1920 · Filastin newspaperA
Khalidi, Palestinian Identity (1997); Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918-1929 (1974)
1911-1913 · Trial transcriptA
Samuel, Blood Accusation (1966); Levin, A Child of Christian Blood (2014)
Mandate and Holocaust1917 CE to 1948 CE
20 March 1917 · Decree of the Provisional Government abolishing religious and national restrictionsA
Frankel (1981); Sobranie uzakonenii 1917 no. 70
2 November 1917 · Balfour's letter to Lord RothschildA
Stein, The Balfour Declaration (1961); Schneer, The Balfour Declaration (2010)
1918-1921 · Reports of the Kiev Jewish relief committeesA
Veidlinger, In the Midst of Civilized Europe (2021); Abramson, A Prayer for the Government (1999)
April 1920-September 1923 · San Remo resolutionA
League of Nations Official Journal, Aug 1922; Wasserstein, The British in Palestine (1991)
April 1920 and May 1921 · Palin Commission reportA
Palestine Disturbances in May 1921: Reports of the Commission of Inquiry (Cmd. 1540); Segev, One Palestine, Complete (2000)
1922 and 1931 · Census of Palestine 1922A
Barron, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922; Mills, Census of Palestine 1931
26 May 1924 · Immigration Act of 1924A
Diner, The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 (2004); US Statutes at Large vol. 43
23-29 August 1929 · Shaw Commission ReportA
Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929 (Cmd. 3530)
30 January-7 April 1933 · Reichsgesetzblatt: Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil ServiceA
Friedlaender, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1 (1997); Reichsgesetzblatt 1933 I, p. 175
15 September 1935 · Reich Citizenship Law and Law for the Protection of German Blood and HonourA
Friedlaender (1997); Reichsgesetzblatt 1935 I
1936-1937 · Peel Commission ReportA
Palestine Royal Commission Report (Cmd. 5479, 1937); Kelly, The Crime of Nationalism (2017)
9-10 November 1938 · Heydrich's report to GoeringA
Friedlaender (1997); Trial of the Major War Criminals (IMT), vol. 31
17 May 1939 · Palestine White PaperA
Palestine: Statement of Policy (Cmd. 6019, 1939); Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe (1979)
1939-1945 (total) · Korherr ReportA
Hilberg (2003); Benz (ed.), Dimension des Voelkermords (1991); Longerich, Holocaust (2010)
October 1940-May 1943 · Vichy Statut des Juifs applied by decree in North AfricaA
Abitbol, The Jews of North Africa during the Second World War (1989)
1-2 June 1941 · Iraqi government commission of inquiryA
Kedourie, Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (1974); Gat, The Jewish Exodus from Iraq 1948-1951 (1997)
22 June 1941-early 1942 · Einsatzgruppen Operational Situation ReportsA
Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3rd ed. (2003); Headland, Messages of Murder (1992)
20 January 1942-1943 · Wannsee ProtocolA
Witte & Tyas, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15 (2001); Roseman, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution (2002); Piper, Auschwitz (1994)
19 April-16 May 1943 · Stroop ReportA
Stroop, The Stroop Report, trans. Milton (1979); Kassow, Who Will Write Our History? (2007)
15 May-9 July 1944 · Hungarian gendarmerie deportation listsA
Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary (1981)
1945-1948 · Harrison Report to President TrumanA
Harrison, Report on the Conditions of Displaced Jews (1945); Koenigseder & Wetzel, Waiting for Hope (2001)
4-7 November 1945 and 2-4 December 1947 · British Military Administration reportA
De Felice, Jews in an Arab Land: Libya 1835-1970 (1985); Ahroni, The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden (1994)
4 July 1946 · Court records of the 1946 trialsA
Gross, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz (2006); Szaynok, Pogrom Zydow w Kielcach (1992)
22 July 1946 · British inquiry and Colonial Office filesA
Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers (2015); Bell, Terror out of Zion (1977)
29 November 1947 · UN General Assembly Resolution 181A
UN General Assembly Official Records, 2nd session, A/RES/181(II)
Israel and diaspora1948 CE to present
9 April 1948 · Red Cross delegate de Reynier's reportA
Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2004); Kanaana & Zeitawi, Deir Yassin (1987)
14 May 1948-July 1949 · Declaration of IndependenceA
Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (2008); UN Doc A/1367/Rev.1 (1950)
1948-1951 · Israel Central Bureau of Statistics immigration tablesA
Israel CBS, Statistical Abstract of Israel; Hacohen, Immigrants in Turmoil (2003)
1948-1970s · Government expulsion and denaturalization decreesA
Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (1991); Laskier, North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century (1994)
1947-1949 · UN Mediator reportA
UN Doc A/648 (1948); UN Economic Survey Mission (1949); Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2004)
11 December 1948 · UN General Assembly Resolution 194A
UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III), 11 December 1948
8 December 1949 (operations from 1 May 1950) · UN General Assembly Resolution 302A
UN General Assembly Resolution 302 (IV), 8 December 1949; UNRWA statistics
5 July 1950 · Law of ReturnA
Sefer ha-Hukkim 51 (1950); Rubinstein, The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel (1991, Hebrew)
12 August 1952-March 1953 · Soviet trial recordsA
Rubenstein & Naumov, Stalin's Secret Pogrom (2001); Kaplan, Report on the Murder of the General Secretary (1990)
29 October 1956 · Military court judgmentA
Robinson, Citizen Strangers (2013); Military Court of Appeal judgment 1958
11 April 1961-1 June 1962 · Trial transcriptA
Lipstadt, The Eichmann Trial (2011); The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings (1992)
1961-1964 · Israeli and Moroccan government recordsA
Laskier, North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century (1994); Israel CBS
28 May-2 June 1964 · Palestinian National CharterA
Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation (1984); Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State (1997)
28 October 1965 · Nostra AetateA
Acta Apostolicae Sedis 58 (1966); Oesterreicher in Vorgrimler (ed.), Commentary on the Documents of Vatican II (1969)
5-10 June 1967 · Israeli and Egyptian military recordsA
Oren, Six Days of War (2002); UN Doc S/RES/242 (1967)
22 November 1967 · UN Security Council Resolution 242A
UN Security Council Resolution 242, 22 November 1967
1967 to present · Israeli government and Peace Now settlement dataA
B'Tselem settlement database; Peace Now; ICJ Advisory Opinions (2004, 2024)
27 January 1969 · Iraqi state television and pressA
Bashkin, New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq (2012); Shiblak, The Lure of Zion (1986)
1970-1991 · Jackson-Vanik AmendmentA
Beckerman, When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone (2010); Tolts in Lewin-Epstein et al. (eds.), Russian Jews on Three Continents (1997)
5-6 September 1972 · Bavarian police and prosecutor filesA
Reeve, One Day in September (2000); Bavarian Ministry of the Interior report (1972)
6-25 October 1973 · Agranat Commission reportA
Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War (2004); Agranat Commission Report
26 March 1979 · Egypt-Israel Treaty of PeaceA
United Nations Treaty Series (1979 registration); Quandt, Camp David (1986)
16-18 September 1982 · Kahan Commission reportA
Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut (Kahan Commission, 1983)
1984-1985 and 24-25 May 1991 · Israeli government recordsA
Spector, Operation Solomon (2005); Israel CBS
December 1987-September 1993 · B'Tselem casualty databaseA
B'Tselem statistics; Schiff & Ya'ari, Intifada (1990)
15 November 1988 · Palestinian National Council Declaration of IndependenceA
Palestinian National Council, Declaration of Independence, 15 November 1988; UN Doc A/43/827
13 September 1993 · Declaration of PrinciplesA
UN Doc A/48/486; Shlaim, The Iron Wall (2000)
25 February 1994 · Shamgar Commission reportA
Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron (1994)
18 July 1994 · Argentine judicial filesA
Argentine Supreme Court and federal court records; Cohen Sabban, La causa AMIA (2014)
September 2000-2005 · B'Tselem casualty databaseA
B'Tselem statistics; Pressman, Journal of Conflict Studies 23 (2003)
2007 to 2021 · Israeli and Egyptian closure ordersA
UN OCHA records; UN Goldstone Report A/HRC/12/48 (2009); B'Tselem and Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs casualty data
2010 · Behar et alA
Behar et al., Nature 466 (2010); Atzmon et al., AJHG 86 (2010)
31 October 2011 and 29 November 2012 · UNESCO admission of PalestineA
UNESCO records (2011); UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19, 29 November 2012
27 October 2018 · Federal indictment and trial recordA
US Department of Justice, US v. Robert Bowers (2023)
15 September 2020 · Abraham Accords declaration and treaties with UAE and BahrainA
US Department of State, Abraham Accords Declaration (2020)
7 October 2023 · Israeli government casualty registryA
Israel State Archives; UN OHCHR reports; Associated Press casualty reporting (2023-2025)
1 January 2024 (latest full data) · DellaPergolaA
DellaPergola in Dashefsky & Sheskin (eds.), American Jewish Year Book 2024 (Springer)
2023-2024 estimates · Palestinian Central Bureau of StatisticsA
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2024); UN estimates
10 October 2025-26 January 2026 · US-brokered ceasefire textA
International Committee of the Red Cross news release, 29 Jan 2026; Associated Press, 26 Jan 2026
Image sources and licenses
Photographs used in the catalog and the apps. All are public domain, CC0, CC BY, or CC BY-SA, or the author's own photographs, verified on the file page.
The Merneptah Stele — Closeup of the Merneptah Stele, line 27, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Photo Darer101, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Kurkh Monolith — Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III, British Museum. Photo Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Mesha Stele — Mesha Stele, Louvre, Paris (AO 5066). Photo Tangopaso, Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, author release (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Tel Dan Stele — Tel Dan Stele, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo Oren Rozen, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page Hezekiah's tunnel and the Broad Wall — Hezekiah's Tunnel (Siloam Tunnel) interior with flowing water, City of David, Jerusalem. Photo Davidbena, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Lachish reliefs and Sennacherib's prisms — Lachish relief, siege ramps and battle engines, panel 7, British Museum. Photo Zunkir, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The fall of Jerusalem, 587/586 BCE — Photo: David Erin Wilson, September 2023 License: own photo.
The Al-Yahudu tablets — Al-Yahudu tablet, Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem. Photo Amit Avidan, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Cyrus Cylinder — Cyrus Cylinder, British Museum (BM 90920). Photo Daderot, Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0. License: CC0 1.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Dead Sea Scrolls — Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa-a), column with Isaiah 53, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo Ardon Bar Hama via Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-Art / PD-old-100 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page Hasmonean coins — Bronze prutah of Alexander Jannaeus, Jerusalem mint, Bibliotheque nationale de France, Monnaies, medailles et antiques, Fonds general 394. Photo BnF Gallica via Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD France / PD-old-100-expired, CC-PD-Mark (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page Herod's Temple Mount — Photo: David Erin Wilson, September 2023 License: own photo.
The destruction of 70 CE — Spoils of Jerusalem relief with the menorah, south inner panel of the Arch of Titus, Rome. Photo Paolo Villa, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Bar Kokhba letters and coins — Silver coin of Simon Bar Kokhba showing the Temple facade, Bibliotheque nationale de France, Monnaies, medailles et antiques, Fonds general 328. Photo BnF Gallica via Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD France / PD-old-100, CC-PD-Mark (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Letter of Severus of Minorca — Aerial view of the harbour of Mao (Mahon), Menorca. Photo Paucabot, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026; dual licensed GFDL 1.2+ / CC BY-SA 1.0 to 4.0).
file page The Islamic conquest of Jerusalem, 638 — Photo: David Erin Wilson, September 2023 License: own photo.
The Cairo Geniza — Cairo Geniza legal document of 1135 written by the scribe Halfon ben Manasseh, Taylor-Schechter Genizah Collection, Cambridge University Library. Image via Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-US (pre 1931) and PD-old-70 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Rhineland massacres of 1096 — Heiliger Sand, the medieval Jewish cemetery at Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate. Photo Gerd Eichmann, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. License: CC BY-SA 3.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page Fourth Lateran Council, canon 68 — The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 as drawn by Matthew Paris in the Chronica Maiora, about 1250. Image via Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-old-70, CC-PD-Mark (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page Ottoman Jerusalem: the walls and the tax rolls — Photo: David Erin Wilson, September 2023 License: own photo.
The Balfour Declaration — The Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1917, letter from Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, British Library. UK Government, Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-UKGov (Crown copyright expired) / PD-US-expired (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Palestine censuses of 1922 and 1931 — Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922, title page, compiled by J. B. Barron, Government of Palestine. Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-old-70 / PD-US (pre-1931) plus Open Government Licence v1.0 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Wannsee Protocol and the Hoefle telegram — The Hoefle telegram, Bletchley Park decrypt of 11 January 1943, The National Archives, Kew, HW 16/23. Wikimedia Commons, public domain. License: Public domain, PD-GermanGov (official work, section 5 UrhG) (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The Declaration of Independence and the 1949 armistice lines — David Ben-Gurion reading the Declaration of Independence, Tel Aviv Museum, 14 May 1948. Photo Rudi Weissenstein, Government Press Office (Israel), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. License: CC BY-SA 3.0, attribution Government Press Office (Israel), VRT ticket 2012112010011362 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page The departure from Arab lands — Immigrants from Iraq arriving in Israel, food distribution, April 1951. Photo Benno Rothenberg, Meitar Collection, National Library of Israel, The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. License: CC BY 4.0, attribution Benno Rothenberg / Meitar Collection / National Library of Israel / The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, VRT ticket 2021092910005788 (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
file page 7 October 2023 — Nova festival memorial, photographs of the murdered on the festival grounds near Kibbutz Re'im, December 2023. Photo Zeev Stein, Pikiwiki Israel, CC BY 2.5. License: CC BY 2.5 Generic, attribution 'zeev stein Pikiwiki Israel' (verified on file page, 2 Sept 2026).
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